Mergers and acquisitions bring lots of financial opportunity, but they can sometimes result in upheaval in the workforce as the new entity determines whether it will operate the business differently from its predecessor. If the new business decides to change the workforce, how should it make those decisions? A recent appeals court opinion sheds some light on that question.
Background
Merit Energy Company, LLC, acquired part of an ongoing oil and gas company from XTO Energy in the Ozark, Arkansas area. Merit determined that it didn’t need all of the former XTO lease operators. Seventeen-year XTO employee Kimberly Connors wasn’t included in the 20 lease operators chosen to be rehired.
Connors had operated one of the longest routes and had more experience than several of the other operators chosen. She sued Merit, claiming age discrimination and gender discrimination.
The U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals (whose rulings apply to Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota employers) reviewed the hiring decisions and found that Connors couldn’t continue with her age discrimination claim. It found that Connors was qualified to be hired for the position, but there was no age discrimination because Merit also rehired several other operators who were older than 40, and several who were the same as age she was (55) or older.
The court ruled differently on Connors’ gender discrimination claims. All of the rehired lease operators were men, so she was able to satisfy the initial proof to show the possibility of gender discrimination.
To keep the case from continuing, Merit had to produce proof that it made its hiring decisions based on legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons. Merit stated that Connors wasn’t hired because of lack of enthusiasm, clashes with her former supervisor, failure to wear proper protective clothing, failure to follow certain directions impacting well production, and because XTO supervisors were more complimentary of other lease operators.
The court determined that there was sufficient evidence to rebut Merit’s reasons. Connors was able to produce evidence that problems with her supervisors were unearthed after the hiring decisions were made, so they couldn’t have been reasons factored into to the decision not to hire her. She was also able to produce sufficient evidence to rebut allegations of safety and production concerns.
The court noted that Connors had years of experience and operated one of the longest routes while at XTO, whereas several of the male operators didn’t have that level of experience. Of particular note, the court said that, while subjective criteria (such as enthusiasm for the job) aren’t of themselves unlawful, a “reasonable jury may doubt the sincerity of this rationale.” Because there were fact issues on whether Merit’s decisions were based upon discriminatory reasons, the case will be decided by a jury.
Key Takeaways
The lesson for employers from this decision is that it’s always helpful to have objective criteria for deciding which employees to rehire after an acquisition, or to terminate during a reduction in force (RIF).
While subjective criteria can be valid considerations, if one prospective employee has more experience or other objective qualifications than others but isn’t hired because of subjective reasons (for example, supervisors did not “like” him, or she was not as “pleasant” or “enthusiastic”), it’s more difficult to prove that the subjective reason wasn’t actually grounded in discrimination. The result for the employer is that a case will more likely go all the way to trial, rather than being resolved much earlier by the court.
A better process would be to use objective criteria—tenure, experience, past performance review scores, number of disciplinary actions, or some combination of these types of considerations. This process provides a clearer rationale and guide for the decisions and acts as a check against favoritism or bias of any kind by supervisors.
Subjective factors, such as attitude or enthusiasm, hopefully will already be factored into the determinations from prior write-ups or performance reviews. And if not, then it’s a great example to demonstrate why those factors should be included in discussions or counseling with employees before rehiring decisions or RIFs happen.
It’s also helpful to review who has been chosen and who hasn’t to see if there are any patterns emerging (such as in this case, only men were rehired). If there’s a pattern, then it’s worth rechecking the data to make sure there isn’t a neutral criteria that is improperly screening out a protected class of employees.
It may be that there are valid reasons, such as if there is only one woman, and she had more write-ups than the other employees. But if the criteria used isn’t necessary (a strength requirement for a desk job, for example), then further analysis and review may be necessary before making the decisions.
Audra Hamilton is an attorney with Mitchell Williams in Little Rock. She can be reached at ahamilton@mwlaw.com.
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