The announcement of a new final rule addressing when workers can legally be classified as independent contractors emphasizes the U.S. Department of Labor’s (DOL) intent to bring clarity to the issue, but with a change in administration near, the question may still be up in the air.
The final rule, announced January 6, is slated to take effect on March 8. The new rule doesn’t make major changes to the current standard for determining when workers can be classified as independent contractors instead of employees, but it is seen as making it easier to justify classifying workers as independent contractors. The use of independent contractors can be attractive since businesses don’t pay employment taxes on contractors or provide them with benefits.
The new rule’s two “core factors” examine the nature and degree of the worker’s control over the work and the worker’s opportunity for profit or loss. The more control workers have, the more likely they are to be legally classified as contractors.
The rule also includes three other factors: the amount of skill required for the work, the degree of permanence of the working relationship between the worker and the potential employer, and whether the work is part of an integrated unit of production.
Risks of Contractor Classification
Jodi R. Bohr, an attorney with Tiffany & Bosco, P.A. in Phoenix, Arizona, says the new rule “only slightly” restates the factors currently outlined in the DOL’s Fact Sheet 13, Employment Relationship Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).
“The revised factors have not been adopted by the courts, and they are not intended to change the economic realities test currently used,” Bohr says. “Instead, the factors are meant to provide additional clarity to employers and emphasize certain factors within the test.”
Even though the rule seems to look favorably on an independent contractor classification, Bohr says employers seeking to use contractors should do so carefully.
“With the change to the Biden administration, the DOL’s interpretation will be strictly construed in favor of a classification of employee instead of independent contractor,” Bohr says, adding that companies should ask themselves this question: “Is this individual properly classified under the current factors?” If the answer is no, a correction should be made swiftly, and the company should work with counsel to determine potential liability for the previous improper classification.
In her experience defending clients under DOL scrutiny over the last year, Bohr says “DOL investigators have mentioned that the result would likely have been more severe under the Biden administration and to keep an eye out for more of these investigations in 2021.”
Bohr says she has recently seen the DOL “come down hard on employers who it felt improperly classified employees as independent contractors.” In a January 2021 article for Arizona Employment Law Letter, she noted “contradictory actions” coming out of the DOL.
In the DOL’s efforts to investigate wage and hour practices, Bohr’s article says the agency seemed to focus on companies using independent contractors as part of their workforce, “all the while seemingly revising regulations to make it easier for businesses to classify workers as independent contractors.”
State Laws Also Apply
In addition to complying with the new federal rule, businesses need to keep state laws in mind. For example, California law uses the ABC test to determine if workers can be properly classified as independent contractors instead of employees.
Cathleen S. Yonahara, an attorney with Freeland Cooper & Foreman LLP in San Francisco, says in spite of the new rule, businesses in California “should tread carefully.”
“The ABC test is remarkably different from the federal rule,” Yonahara says. She explains that under the ABC test, a person will be considered an employee instead of an independent contractor unless the hiring entity demonstrates that all the following conditions are satisfied. The worker must:
- (A) Be free from the company’s control and direction in connection with the performance of the work;
- (B) Perform work that is outside the usual course of the hiring entity’s business; and
- (C) Be customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as that involved in the work performed.
Yonahara says the B prong of the ABC rule is the most problematic factor and has forced California employers to reclassify numerous workers as employees.
Tammy Binford writes and edits news alerts and newsletter articles on labor and employment law topics for BLR web and print publications.
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